As dictator of Rome, he was of a political rank that denoted a person with full power to override the Senate in times of emergency. He was declared "dictator for life" and went on to institute social reforms that angered some powerful Romans. He would also meet Cleopatra in Egypt, with whom he had an affair and an illegitimate (in the eyes of the Roman people and the Senate of Rome) son, Caesarion. Yet Caesar was shocked to find that Pompey was killed at Pelusium by Lucius Septimius, cried when he was given his seal-ring. After Crassus was killed in battle with the Parthians at the Battle of Carrhae in 53 BCE, Caesar campaigned against Pompey and emerged victorious in the war. The cause of the civil war was when Caesar refused to disband his army along the Rubicon river (the traditional border dividing Italy with the northern provinces) and return to Rome for trial (where he would most certainly face execution). However, Rome was facing a series of civil wars, Caesar was declared an enemy of the Republic due to jealousy and hatred by fellow senators. The Roman politician and general's military accomplishments extended Rome's territory. Julius Caesar established the Twelfth Legion Fulminata in 58 BCE, and would accompany the Roman general during his campaigns in Gaul from 58 to 50 BCE. Pompey even married Caesar's only child, Julia. To cement the Triumvirate, Crassus told Caesar's numerous debt holders that he would pay Caesar's loans if Caesar defaulted. Caesar's speeches in the senate were in favor of giving the newly conquered land to Pompey's returned legions. Pompey was grateful to Caesar for his support against slander in the senate. Crassus, who was much envied and hated for his money and how he attained it, was also able to gain popularity from Pompey as well as Caesar. While campaigning in Gaul (France), western Germania (Germany) and Britannia (Britain), he formed the first triumvirate with his former rivals, Marcus Licinius Crassus and Pompey the Great.Ĭaesar was able to gain money to finance his public work campaigns from Crassus and military power from Pompey's loyal legions. Gaius Julius Caesar was born in July 100 BCE during the era of the late Roman Republic.
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